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Involuntary servitude is a United States legal and constitutional term for a person laboring against that person's will to benefit another, under some form of coercion other than the worker's financial needs. While laboring to benefit another occurs also in the condition of slavery, involuntary servitude does not necessarily connote the complete lack of freedom experienced in chattel slavery; involuntary servitude may also refer to other forms of unfree labor. Involuntary servitude is not dependent upon compensation or its amount. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution makes involuntary servitude illegal under any U.S. jurisdiction whether at the hands of the U.S. government or in the private sphere, except as punishment for a crime: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." The Supreme Court has held, in ''Butler v. Perry'', (240 U.S. 328 ) (1916), that the Thirteenth Amendment does not prohibit "enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to the state, such as services in the army, militia, on the jury, etc." Onerous long term alimony and spousal support orders, premised on a proprietary interest retained by former marital partners in one another's persons, have also been allowed in many states, though they may in practice embody features of involuntary servitude. ==Other interpretations of involuntary servitude== The Libertarian Party of the United States and other libertarians consider military conscription to be involuntary servitude in the sense of the Thirteenth Amendment (the US Supreme Court did not accept this view in ''Arver v. United States''). Some libertarians consider compulsory schooling involuntary servitude. John Taylor Gatto, a retired schoolteacher and libertarian activist critical of compulsory schooling writes of what he terms "The Cult Of Forced Schooling". Many libertarians consider income taxation a form of involuntary servitude. Republican Congressman Ron Paul has described income tax as "a form of involuntary servitude, and has written, "... things like Selective Service and the income tax make me wonder how serious we really are in defending just basic freedoms. Some have also argued that, should ''Roe v. Wade'', 410 U.S. 113 (1973), be overturned by the United States Supreme Court, a constitutional right to abortion could still be sustained on the basis that denying it would subject women to involuntary servitude contrary to the Thirteenth Amendment.〔Koppelman, Andrew, "Forced Labor: A Thirteenth Amendment Defense of Abortion", 84 ''Northwestern University Law Review'' 480 (1990)〕 However, no U.S. court has yet accepted such an argument.〔''Roe v. Rampton'', 394 F. Supp. 677 (D Utah 1975) (Ritter C.J. dissenting); ''Jane L. v. Bangerter'', 794 F. Supp. 1537 (D Utah 1992).〕 Differing views have been expressed as to whether the argument is so unpersuasive as to be "frivolous".〔''Jane L. v. Bangerter'', 61 F.3d 1505, 1514–1515 (10th Cir. 1995).〕 One major difficulty with the argument relates to the claim that pregnancy and child-bearing are within the scope of the term "servitude".〔Vieira, Norman, "''Hardwick'' and the Right of Privacy" 55 ''University of Chicago Law Review'' 1181, 1189–1191 (1988).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「involuntary servitude」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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